1. D.J. Wiseman, Chronicles of Chaldaean Kings (1955) 18-19

2. All quotations from the Hebrew Bible, the Christian Old Testament, are taken from the New International Version (1973) unless otherwise stated.

3. Unless we include Menkheperure Thutmose IV whose prenomen varies only slightly from that of his (assumed) grandfather Thutmose III.

4. Petrie, Scarabs & Cylinders with Names, pl. 54:25,5, I., cf. TIP 117.

5. There exists the possibility, not discussed in this book, that the pharaoh Neco referred to in the Hebrew Bible is not Menkheperre Piankhi, but a delta kinglet, successor to one of those mentioned on the Piankhi stela. He might, for instance, be a son of Peftjuaawybast. Certainly these kings would have been required to assist Piankhi in his Asian adventures just as they earlier assisted Tefnakht in opposing him. And one or more of them may have led a contingent of the Egyptian army sent to assist Ashuruballit. In support of this possibility we note that the Egyptian army at this time in history consisted of multiple contingents, distinguished in part on the basis of ethnicity. In referring to a battle which took place only four years later than the Josiah incident, one in which pharaoh Neco also participated, the Jewish historians note the presence of helmeted troops with large and small shields, mounted cavalry and charioteers, and warriors - "men of Cush (Nubia) and Put (Libya) who carry shields, men of Lydia who draw the bow" Jer. 46: 9. Not all these troop contingents need be dispatched at one time and certainly not all would be led by Piankhi who, as we have seen in the case of the invasion of the delta, was not averse to dispatching an army under secondary leadership.

6. Ginzberg, Legends of the Jews IV n. 71.

7. The evidence seems to favor the fact that the king's name was, in fact, Necao. One group of scribes state that the name of the Egyptian king was Nakah (nkh 2 Chr. 35:22; 36:4; 2 Kings 23:29,33,34,35) while others say Nako (nkw 2 Chr. 35:20; Jer. 46:2), suggestive of the fact that the name terminated with both sounds. The Septuagint translates pharao Nechao.

8. We assume throughout this entire argument that a) Egypt did lend troops to assist Ashuruballit in 610 B.C. and b) that this assistance was marginal. But we are mindful of the fact that the reference to Egypt in line 61 of the Chronicle is questionable. Wiseman's translation clearly indicates doubt concerning the reading: "As for Assur-uballit and the army of Eg[ypt(?)] which had come [to his help,] fear of the enemy fell upon them; they abandoned the city and ........... crossed [the river Euphrates]."

9. The inscriptions contained therein were first published by Ebers in 1873, ZAS ... (1873) 3-9

10. So Breasted in the accompanying footnote (a) BAR II p. 231.

11. Edgerton & Wilson, Historical Records of Ramses III. (Quoted in Velikovsky, op.cit. p. 62.)

12. Immanuel Velikovsky, Peoples of the Sea (1977) 62,63

13. G. A. Reisner, "Inscribed Monuments from Gebel Barkal," ZAW 66 (1931) 92.